CRITICAL EVALUATION OF HATE SPEECH REGULATION UNDER PAKISTAN’S CYBER LAW

Abstract

This paper critically examines Pakistan’s cyber law framework concerning hate speech within the Constitution and ordinary law. It explores Pakistan’s international obligations to prevent hate speech and analyzes the legal definitions and scope of hate speech in relation to constitutional free speech rights. The study reviews landmark cases to assess the law’s alignment with freedom of expression. Findings reveal that Pakistan’s cyber laws and related statutes address various forms of hate speech—including interfaith, sectarian, racial, and anti-state expressions—while balancing constitutional speech protections. The Supreme Court has also established guidelines for hate speech prevention prior to specific legislation. This doctrinal analysis highlights the complexities of regulating hate speech under Pakistan’s legal system.