ANTENATAL CARE UTILIZATION AMONG URBAN SLUM COMMUNITIES IN PUNJAB: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC INSIGHT

Abstract

Background: Pakistan accounts for 7% of global neonatal deaths, with only 28% of women accessing four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits and stark disparities in skilled birth attendance between rich (77%) and poor (16%) populations.
Objective: This ethnographic study explores perceptions of ANC among disadvantaged urban slum residents in Shamspura Colony, Lahore.
Method: Using non-participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentary review, data were collected over four months and analyzed thematically.
Results: Most women (63%) do not view ANC as beneficial, and only 41% of husbands are supportive. While 83% prefer institutional deliveries, knowledge about ANC is limited: only 29% are fully aware of its benefits. Decision-making is largely influenced by husbands (43%) and mothers-in-law (31%), with just 3% of women making independent healthcare decisions.
Conclusion: Limited awareness, restricted mobility, cultural norms, and financial barriers contribute to low ANC utilization. Enhancing community education and empowering women are crucial for improving maternal health outcomes in urban slum areas.